
•Environmental impacts of N-type TOPCon Mono-Si PV module was assessed using LCA.•The environmental impact of six processes of PV module production was analyzed.•Production of polycrystalline silicon, PV cell and PV module are key processes.•The key sub-processes of environmental impact in six processes were identified.•Optimized electricity mix and secondary aluminum substitution significantly reduced impacts. [pdf]

Challenges for any large energy storage system installation, use and maintenance include training in the area of battery fire safety which includes the need to understand basic battery chemistry, safety limits, maintenance, off-nominal behavior, fire and smoke characteristics, fire fighting techniques, stranded energy, de-energizing batteries for safety, and safely disposing battery after its life or after an incident. [pdf]
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